The teaching of bioethics in medicine courses in Brazil / O ensino da bioética nos cursos de medicina do Brasil

Introduction: Scientific, technological, and social progress in different areas of knowledge, notably in biological sciences and health care, causes the emergence of moral conflicts in medicine and boosts the relevance of Bioethics regarding new interfaces in the doctor-patient relationship, raising the need to increase ethical training during medical graduation.Objective: The objective of this study was to verify the offer of curricular contents that deal with the content of Bioethics in the curricular matrices of undergraduate Medicine courses in Brazil.Method: This is a documentary study. The curricular matrices of each course were analyzed, investigating information about the provision of a curricular component or the presence of curricular contents with Bioethics content in the matrix. When present, the workload, cycle and modality (if associated, isolated, throughout the course, in other subjects or optional).Result: It turned out that Bioethics is offered by 61.85% of courses, with the majority offering it in the basic cycle, associated with another curricular component, with an average of 53 hours. Courses in the southern region offer the curricular component in a higher percentage and with a greater number of hours.Conclusion: It is concluded that the teaching of Bioethics, despite its importance, is still not offered by all courses in Brazil, contradicting the national curricular guidelines of the Ministry of Education and UNESCO recommendations.

Introdução: O progresso científico, tecnológico e social nas diferentes áreas do conhecimento, notadamente nas ciências biológicas e no cuidado em saúde provoca o surgimento de conflitos morais em medicina e impulsionam a relevância da Bioética no que tange às novas interfaces da relação médico-paciente, suscitando a necessidade de incremento na formação ética durante a graduação de medicina.Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a oferta de conteúdos curriculares que tratam do teor da Bioética nas matrizes curriculares dos cursos de graduação em Medicina do Brasil.Metodologia: Trata-se de estudo documental. Foram analisadas as matrizes curriculares de cada curso, averiguando as informações sobre a oferta de componente curricular ou a presença de conteúdos curriculares com o teor da Bioética na matriz. Quando presente, a carga horária, o ciclo e a modalidade (se associada, isolada, ao longo do curso, em outras disciplinas ou optativa).Resultado: Resultou que a Bioética é ofertada por 61,85% dos cursos, sendo que a maioria a oferece no ciclo básico, associada a outro componente curricular, com média de 53 horas. Os cursos da região sul oferecem o componente curricular em maior porcentagem e com maior número de horas. Conclusão: Conclui-se que o ensino da Bioética, a despeito de sua importância, ainda não é ofertado por todos os cursos do Brasil, contrariando as diretrizes curriculares nacionais do Ministério de Educação e as recomendações da UNESCO.

Conflictos éticos en los cuidados de Enfermería durante la pandemia por COVID-19 / Ethical conflicts in Nursing care during the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivos: el objetivo principal fue identificar los conflictos éticos con los que se encontraron las/os enfermeras/os durante la pandemia por COVID-19 en España en el ámbito profesional.Método: se realizó un estudio cualitativo mediante etnografía para acercarse a la experiencia vivida por las/os enfermeras/os trabajando en España durante la primera ola de la pandemia COVID-19. Se empleó un muestreo intencional para seleccionar a 33 participantes, a quienes se contactó para llevar a cabo entrevistas no estructuradas por vía telemática. El análisis de los datos se efectuó mediante un enfoque temático que involucró la identificación de unidades de significado y la generación de códigos.Resultados: participaron 29 enfermeras/os, mayoritariamente mujeres trabajadoras en un hospital. Se identificaron tres conflictos éticos principales. El primero se relacionó con la “Priorización por edad: conflicto en el tratamiento equitativo”, que surgió debido a la limitación de recursos y la toma de decisiones difíciles. El segundo conflicto se denominó “Morir en soledad: conflicto con el trato humano del paciente”, ya que los familiares no podían acompañar a sus allegados al final de sus vidas por las restricciones de visita. El tercer conflicto fue “Cuidar con (in)seguridad: conflicto de poner al paciente, la enfermera y la familia en riesgo”, relacionado con la escasez de material de protección, lo que generó temor a posibles contagios tanto en el ámbito profesional como familiar.Conclusiones: la identificación de estos conflictos éticos subraya la necesidad de reorientar la ética del cuidado en salud para futuras pandemias por parte de los gestores de centros sanitarios. (AU)

Objective: the main objective was to identify the ethical conflicts faced by Nursing professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain in their professional setting.Method: a qualitative study was conducted through ethnography in order to approach the experience lived by Nursing professionals working in Spain during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Intentional sampling was used to select 33 participants, who were contacted to participate in non-structured online interviews. Data analysis was conducted with a thematic approach which involved the identification of units of meaning and the generation of codes.Results: the study included 29 Nursing professionals, mostly women, working at a hospital. Three main ethical conflicts were identified. The first was related to “Prioritization by age: conflict in equitable treatment”, which came up due to limited resources and difficult decision making. The second conflict was called “Dying alone: a conflict with the humane treatment of patients”, because relatives could not accompany patients at the end of their lives due to visiting restrictions. The third conflict was: “Care with (in)security: the conflict of putting patients, nurses and relatives at risk”, associated with the lack of protection materials, which generated fear of potential contagion both in the professional and the family setting.Conclusion: the identification of these ethical conflicts underlines the need to redirect the ethics of healthcare for future pandemics by health center managers. (AU)

Percepción de utilidad entre profesionales sanitarios de un servicio de consultoría ética clínica / Healthcare workers’ perception of the usefulness of a healthcare ethics consultation service

Antecedentes y objetivo Los servicios de consultoría en ética clínica (CEC) surgen de los comités de ética para la asistencia sanitaria (CEAS) para atender conflictos éticos en tiempo real. Nuestro objetivo es conocer la percepción de utilidad de la CEC entre los profesionales sanitarios tras un año de su creación, así como evaluar los cambios de tendencia en el uso de la CEC y de los CEAS entre 2015 y 2021. Material y método Estudio observacional transversal mediante una encuesta estandarizada a los profesionales sanitarios de un hospital terciario urbano. Se compararon estos resultados con los de una encuesta idéntica realizada sobre la misma población en 2015. Resultados Participaron 213 profesionales (edad media 44 ± 11 años, 69% mujeres). Los profesionales conocían más la existencia de los CEAS que la CEC (94 vs. 61%; p<0,001). Un total de 45 encuestados (21%) habían consultado a la CEC desde su puesta en marcha; el 95% de ellos reconocían la utilidad de la consulta. Los facultativos conocían y utilizaban más la CEC que otros grupos profesionales. El grado de conocimiento sobre los CEAS en 2021 aumentó significativamente respecto a 2015 (94 vs. 76%; p<0,001). Se identificaron como áreas de mejora la necesidad de una mayor difusión del servicio, garantizar recursos institucionales para su mantenimiento y fomentar mayor participación de distintos profesionales. Conclusiones En los últimos años ha aumentado el conocimiento de los CEAS y de la CEC entre los profesionales sanitarios quienes consideran a la CEC útil para la atención de problemas éticos cotidianos (AU)

Background and objective Clinical ethics consultation services (CEC) have arisen from healthcare ethics committees (HEC) to address ethical conflicts in real-time. Our aim was to determine the perception of usefulness of a CEC service among healthcare workers one year after its creation as well as to assess changes in trends in the use of the CEC and HEC between 2015 and 2021. Material and method This observational, cross-sectional study was based on a standardized survey of healthcare workers at an urban tertiary care hospital. The results were also compared to those from an identical survey conducted in the same population in 2015. Results A total of 213 professionals participated (mean age 44±11 years, 69% women). The professionals were more familiar with the HEC than the CEC service (94 vs. 61%; p<0.001). Forty-five individuals (21%) had consulted the CEC since its implementation; 95% of them found the consultation useful. Physicians knew about and used the CEC more than other groups of professionals. The degree of knowledge of the HEC increased significantly by 2021 compared to 2015 (94 vs. 76%; p<0.001). Some areas for improvement identified were the need for greater dissemination of the service, guaranteeing institutional resources to maintain the service, and encouraging greater participation from different professional groups. Conclusions Knowledge of the institutional HEC and CEC services has increased in recent years among healthcare workers, who considered the CEC service to be useful for addressing ethical conflicts in daily practice (AU)

Healthcare workers' perception of the usefulness of a healthcare ethics consultation service.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Clinical ethics consultation services (CEC) have arisen from Healthcare Ethics Committees (HEC) to address ethical conflicts in real-time. Our aim was to determine the perception of usefulness of a CEC service among healthcare workers one year after its creation as well as to assess changes in trends in the use of the CEC and HEC between 2015 and 2021. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This observational, cross-sectional study was based on a standardized survey of healthcare workers at an urban tertiary care hospital. The results were also compared to those from an identical survey conducted in the same population in 2015. RESULTS: A total of 213 professionals participated (mean age 44 ± 11 years, 69% women). The professionals were more familiar with the HEC than the CEC service (94% vs 61%; p < 0.001). Forty-five individuals (21%) had consulted the CEC since its implementation; 95% of them found the consultation useful. Physicians knew about and used the CEC more than other groups of professionals. The degree of knowledge of the HEC increased significantly by 2021 compared to 2015 (94% v. 76%; p < 0.001). Some areas for improvement identified were the need for greater dissemination of the service, guaranteeing institutional resources to maintain the service, and encouraging greater participation from different professional groups. CONCLUSIONS: Knowledge of the institutional HEC and CEC services has increased in recent years among healthcare workers, who considered the CEC service to be useful for addressing ethical conflicts in daily practice.

Racionalidad y sensibilidad ética en el cuidado enfermero al paciente internado en un hospital público peruano de Nivel II-2 / Rationality and ethical sensitivity in nursing care for patients admitted to a Peruvian public hospital of Level II-2

Introducción: En enfermería, la vivencia ética connota ser siempre afectivo-reflexiva, al ejercerse en contextos de fragilidad y vulnerabilidad de los pacientes, exigiendo a los profesionales del cuidado y la salud a actuar con tales criterios beneficiando a las personas cuidadas. Objetivo: Describir la racionalidad y sensibilidad ética en el cuidado de enfermería al paciente de un hospital público peruano de nivel II-2. Material y métodos: Se asumió el enfoque cualitativo, de tipo descriptivo bajo diseño de análisis hermenéutico. La muestra fue de 15 enfermeros, obtenido en muestreo no probabilístico por conveniencia, quienes trabajaron en el área de Medicina Interna del hospital público mencionado. Se recolectó la información mediante entrevista semiestructurada aplicada por medios digitales, previo consentimiento informado. Los datos se procesaron a través del análisis de contenido. Resultados: a) Disponibilidad y esfuerzo hacia un cuidado compasivo y solidario, b) Equilibrando deberes y afectos hacia el bien global del enfermo, c) Comprensión interactiva, confianza y buen trato hasta el final de la vida. Conclusión: Los resultados destacan la capacidad de la enfermera para aplicar la afectividad, la empatía, la comunicación afectiva, la mirada atenta y el contacto físico; así como la disponibilidad para oír e interpretar las necesidades, además de comprender la angustia, sufrimiento, miedos y dolor de la persona cuando está internada en un nosocomio.

Background: In nursing, the ethical experience connotes being always affective-reflexive, when exercised in contexts of fragility and vulnerability of patients, requiring care and health professionals to act with such criteria, benefiting the people cared for. Objective:To describe the rationality and ethical sensitivity in nursing care for patients in a level II-2 Peruvian public hospital. Material and methods: The qualitative, descriptive approach was assumed under hermeneutic analysis design. The sample consisted of 15 nurses, obtained through non-probabilistic convenience sampling, who worked in the Internal Medicine area of the aforementioned public hospital. Information was collected through a semi-structured interview applied by digital means, with prior informed consent. The data was processed through content analysis. Results: a) Availability and effort towards compassionate and supportive care, b) Balancing duties and affections towards the global good of the patient, c) Interactive understanding, trust and good treatment until the end of life. Conclusion: The results highlight the nurse's ability to apply affectivity, empathy, affective communication, attentive gaze and physical contact; as well as the availability to listen and interpret the needs, in addition to understanding the anguish, suffering, fears and pain of the person when they are admitted to a hospital.

Factibilidad, eficacia y satisfacción lograda por la intervención transdisciplinaria de un comité de ética clínico-hospitalario. Un estudio cualicuantitativo / Feasibility, effectiveness, and satisfaction achieved by the transdisciplinary intervention of a clinical-hospital ethics committee. A qualitative and quantitative study

Introducción. Las funciones del Comité de Ética Clínica (CEC) son educativas, normativas, consultivas, mediadoras y reflexivas. Como cualquier servicio de salud, las consultas de casos a un CEC deben ser sujetas a revisión y mejora de la calidad. Los objetivos fueron evaluar la factibilidad, la efectividad y la satisfacción de las recomendaciones ético-asistenciales dadas por el CEC, y evaluar su impacto en el equipo tratante y en la familia. Población y métodos. Estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, cualicuantitativo, de casos clínicos presentados en el Comité de Ética Clínica del hospital desde el 1 de enero de 2013 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2017, según datos del libro de actas, historias clínicas, registros de la Oficina de Comunicación a Distancia y entrevistas semiestructuradas al equipo de salud. Resultados. Se analizaron 108 casos (106 pacientes), 73 casos con encuesta y registros, y 35 solamente con registros. Los motivos principales más frecuentes de consulta fueron los siguientes: adecuación del esfuerzo terapéutico (46/42,6 %), compromiso neurológico grave (15/13,9 %), calidad de vida del paciente (11/10,2 %), conflictos entre el paciente, la familia y el sistema de salud (7/6,5 %), y rechazo del tratamiento por la familia (6/5,6 %). Se hallaron niveles altos de satisfacción (> 95 %) y niveles moderados de factibilidad (> 74 %) y efectividad (> 85 %). Solo en 50/108 casos (46,3 %) quedó registro en la historia clínica de la consulta al CEC y el 44 % de los profesionales opinó que la consulta tuvo un impacto positivo en la familia y en el paciente. Conclusiones. Los resultados contribuyeron a descubrir oportunidades de mejora, especialmente en la documentación y en la comunicación en el proceso de consulta.

Introduction. A clinical ethics committee (CEC) has educational, regulatory, advisory, mediation, and reflexive functions. As any health care service, the consults with the CEC should be subjected to review and quality improvement. The study objectives were to assess the feasibility, effectiveness, and satisfaction with the bioethical recommendations made by the CEC and assess their impact on the treating team and the patient's family. Population and methods. Descriptive, retrospective, qualitative, and quantitative study of clinical cases submitted to the hospital's CEC between January 1 st, 2013 and December 31, 2017 using data from the CEC minute book, medical records, registries from the Office for Remote Communication, and semi-structured interviews with health care team members. Results. A total of 108 cases (106 patients) were analyzed: 73 cases with survey and registries and 35 with registries only. The main most frequent reasons for consultation were adequacy of therapeutic effort (46/42.6%), severe neurological involvement (15/13.9%), patient's quality of life (11/10.2%), patient-family-health system conflict (7/6.5%), and family's refusal of treatment (6/5.6%). High levels of satisfaction (> 95%) and moderate levels of feasibility (> 74%) and effectiveness (> 85%) were observed. In only 50/108 cases (46.3%), the consultation with the CEC was registered in the medical record, 44% of health care providers stated that the consultation had a positive impact on the patient and their family. Conclusions. Results helped to establish improvement opportunities, especially in terms of documentation and communication in the consultation process.

Hacia un cuidado ético en residencias sanitarias durante la pandemia de COVID-19: estudio cualitativo con migrantes internacionales en Chile / Towards ethical care in nursing homes during the COVID-19 pandemic: a qualitative study with international migrants in Chile / Rumo ao cuidado ético em residências de saúde durante a pandemia de COVID-19: um estudo qualitativo com migrantes internacionais no Chile

Migrantes internacionales han sido reconocidos como población de riesgo en el contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. A nivel mundial se han desplegado diversas estrategias para la protección de esta población, como la habilitación de centros de recepción y cuarentena o aislamiento. El artículo da cuenta de los resultados de un estudio que exploró las experiencias de migrantes internacionales en residencias sanitarias dispuestas en Chile para la realización de cuarentenas seguras en el marco de la pandemia COVID-19, desde un enfoque de condiciones éticas para el cuidado. Se realizó un estudio cualitativo entre los años 2020-2021. Se efectuaron 30 entrevistas individuales semi-estructuradas en línea en las ciudades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta y Santiago a migrantes internacionales con experiencia de uso de residencias sanitarias; equipos de salud de residencias sanitarias; mánagers de dichos recintos; autoridades locales; y expertos nacionales. Se realizó análisis temático de la información. El estudio concluye que para migrantes internacionales, si bien la experiencia en residencias sanitarias ha significado un apoyo sanitario significativo, es imprescindible que el cuidado proporcionado, además de la exigencia que se enmarque en un enfoque de derechos y de respeto a la dignidad de cada persona, incorpore la perspectiva de la interculturalidad en su quehacer, es decir, asegurando el derecho a servicios de salud culturalmente pertinentes, respetuosos de la cultura de las personas, las minorías, los pueblos y las comunidades.

International migrants have been recognized as a population at risk in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. Worldwide, various strategies have been deployed for the protection of this population, such as the establishment of reception and quarantine or isolation centers. This article reports the results of a study that explored the experiences of international migrants in nursing homes in Chile created to ensure a safe quarantine during the COVID-19 pandemic, from an approach of ethical conditions for care. A qualitative study was carried out in 2020-2021. Thirty individual semi-structured online interviews were conducted in the cities of Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta and Santiago with international migrants with experience of using nursing homes; health teams of nursing homes; managers of nursing homes; local authorities; and national experts. Thematic analysis of the information was carried out. The study concludes that for international migrants, although the experience in nursing homes has meant significant health support, it is essential that the care provided, in addition to the requirement that it be framed in an approach of rights and respect for the dignity of each person, incorporate the perspective of interculturality in its work, that is, ensuring the right to culturally relevant health services, respectful of the culture of individuals, minorities, peoples and communities.

Migrantes internacionais foram reconhecidos como uma população de risco no contexto da pandemia de COVID-19. Em todo o mundo, várias estratégias têm sido implantadas para a proteção dessa população, como o estabelecimento de centros de acolhimento e quarentena ou isolamento. Este artigo relata os resultados de um estudo que explorou as experiências de migrantes internacionais em residências de saúde organizadas no Chile para quarentena segura no âmbito da pandemia de COVID-19, a partir de uma abordagem de condições éticas para o atendimento. Foi realizado um estudo qualitativo entre os anos de 2020-2021. Foram realizadas 30 entrevistas individuais semiestruturadas online nas cidades de Arica, Iquique, Antofagasta e Santiago com migrantes internacionais com experiência de uso de residências de saúde; equipes de saúde das residências de saúde; gestores dos referidos locais; autoridades locais; e especialistas nacionais. Foi realizada análise temática das informações. O estudo conclui que para os migrantes internacionais, embora a experiência em residências de saúde tenha significado significativo apoio à saúde, é imprescindível que os cuidados prestados, além da exigência de que sejam enquadrados em uma abordagem de direitos e respeito à dignidade de cada pessoa, incorporar a perspectiva da interculturalidade em seu trabalho, ou seja, garantir o direito a serviços de saúde culturalmente relevantes, que respeitem a cultura dos indivíduos, minorias, povos e comunidades.

As dimensões intangíveis da prática assistencial: biopolítica, ética e afeto em sua relação com a clínica / Intangible dimensions of care: biopolitics, ethics and affection in relation to clinical practice / Las dimensiones intangibles de la práctica asistencial: biopolítica, ética y afecto en su relación con la clínica

Este artigo é parte inicial de uma pesquisa realizada em um centro de transplante de medula óssea, do Sistema Único de Saúde (SUS), cujos usuários são pessoas em situação de extrema vulnerabilidade. Sua proposta é analisar dimensões que atravessam a prática em saúde e não se reduzem a resultados imediatamente mensuráveis, podendo ser chamadas de dimensões intangíveis do cuidar. O objetivo é refletir sobre o encontro profissional-paciente, em sua relação com o adoecimento e a morte, sob o conceito psicanalítico de inconsciente. Para isso, foi realizado o relato de situações vividas no campo denominadas vinhetas clínicas; e, com base nas articulações teóricas elaboradas, consideram-se os vetores da biopolítica, ética e afeto como axiais à assistência. Conclui com a necessidade de propor perspectivas do cuidar que reconheçam a subjetividade concernida à prática assistencial. (AU)

This article is based on the initial stages of a study undertaken in a public bone marrow transplant center for extremely vulnerable people. We analyze dimensions that cut across health care practice not reduced to immediately measureable results, otherwise called intangible dimensions of care. We reflect on the intersection between health professionals and patients in relation to illness and death drawing on the psychoanalytic concept of the unconscious. To this end, we document situations experienced in the field called clinical vignettes. Drawing on the theoretical framework, we consider the vectors biopolitics, ethics and affection to be core aspects of care. We conclude that there is a need for approaches to care that recognize the subjectivity of health care practice. (AU)

Este artículo es parte inicial de una investigación realizada en un centro de trasplante de médula ósea del Sistema Único de Salud, cuyos usuarios son personas en situaciones de extremada vulnerabilidad. Su propuesta es analizar dimensiones que atraviesan la práctica en salud y no se reducen a resultados inmediatamente mensurables, pudiendo llamarse de dimensiones intangibles del cuidar. El objetivo es reflexionar sobre el encuentro profesional-paciente en su relación con la enfermedad y la muerte, bajo el concepto psicoanalítico de inconsciente. Para ello, se realizó el relato de situaciones vividas en el campo, denominadas viñetas clínicas; y a partir de las articulaciones teóricas elaboradas se consideran los vectores de la biopolítica, ética y afecto como axiales a la asistencia. Se concluye con la necesidad de proponer perspectivas del cuidar que reconozcan la subjetividad relativa a la práctica asistencial. (AU)

Interconsultas urológicas a un Servicio de Ética Clínica en un hospital de IV nivel / Urological Interconsultations to a Clinical Ethics Service in a Level-IV Hospital

Objetivo Los problemas éticos tienen una gran importancia en discusiones teóricas en la medicina, y este estudio tiene como objetivo caracterizar a los pacientes urológicos cuyos casos fueron motivos de consulta al Servicio de Ética Clínica (SEC) institucional de un hospital de IV nivel para comprender los dilemas éticos prevalentes en la práctica diaria de la urología y su abordaje. Materiales y Métodos Estudio descriptivo en el que se realizó una revisión retrospectiva de las historias clínicas de 20 pacientes urológicos interconsultados al SEC de un hospital de IV nivel. Se evaluó la frecuencia de las siguientes variables: diagnóstico, estadio funcional y clínico en el momento del diagnóstico, tiempo de evolución, tratamientos, y tipo de dilema ético motivo de la interconsulta. Resultados Desde enero de 2018, el SEC del Hospital Universitario San Ignacio ha respondido 1.123 interconsultas, y se vio un aumento significativo de las mismas en 2020 por razón de la pandemia de enfermedad por coronavirus 2019 (coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19, en inglés). De estas interconsultas, solamente trece corresponden a pacientes con patología urológica de base, y siete, a compromiso urológico secundario. El diagnóstico más frecuente fue carcinoma de próstata en estadio IV, seguido de carcinoma urotelial avanzado. Predominó el tratamiento adecuado; solamente tres se diagnosticaron en ese momento, y no alcanzaron a recibir tratamiento. El principal dilema ético encontrado tuvo que ver con proporcionalidad al final de la vida, en dos casos, con respeto de la autonomía del paciente, incluida una solicitud de eutanasia. Conclusión El tamizaje establecido y los tratamientos efectivos tempranos se podrían reflejar en la baja frecuencia de situaciones clínicas extremas conducentes a la toma de decisiones al final de la vida, que serían dirigidas, entonces, ya sea a la reorientación del esfuerzo terapéutico, al plan de fin de vida, o a eutanasia.

Objective Ethical issues are extremely relevant in theoretical discussions in medicine, through the present article we intend to characterize patients with urologic conditions whose cases prompted consultations with the Clinical Ethics Service (CES) at a level-IV hospital in order to understand the prevalent ethical dilemmas encountered in the urological practice and their approach. Materials and Methods A descriptive study in which we performed a retrospective review of the clinical history of 20 urologic patients who were the subject of interconsultations with the CES of a level-IV hospital. We evaluated the frequency of the following variables: diagnosis, functional and clinical status at the time of the diagnosis, duration of disease evolution, and the type of ethical dilemma that prompted an interconsultation. Results Since January 2018, the CES at Hospital Universitario San Ignacio has received 1,123 interconsultation requests, and a significant increase in them has been observed due to the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic. Out of these interconsultations, only thirteen corresponded to patients with a urological diagnosis, and seven involved secondary urological compromise. The most frequent diagnosis was stage-IV prostate cancer, followed by advanced urothelial carcinoma. Proper treatment prevailed; only three cases were diagnosed at this stage, and they could not receive treatment. The main ethical dilemma involved treatment proportionality, in two cases, regarding patient autonomy, including one euthanasia request. Conclusion The established screening methods and effective early treatments are could lead to a low frequency of extreme clinical situations in which decision have to be made at the en

El adulto mayor en el contexto del COVID-19: ¿en el centro del cuidado o al margen por su edad? / Elderly people in the context of COVID-19: at the centre of attention or on the margins due to their age?

El presente artículo ofrece una reflexión bioética a raíz del trato ofrecido a las personas mayores enel contexto de la pandemia de COVID-19. Como punto de partida, expone una paradoja evidenciada alponer el cuidado del adulto mayor en el centro de las medidas adoptadas ante la enfermedad pero que, ala vez, en algunas ocasiones, ha ofrecido la distinción por edad como único criterio para determinar el ac-ceso a recursos y tratamientos en situaciones de escasez. Surge entonces la pregunta sobre cuál es el tratoadecuado a las personas mayores. Utilizando como ejemplo de referencia la Convención Interamericanasobre protección de los derechos humanos de las personas mayores, en el presente artículo se aborda laproblemática de la asignación de recursos escasos en la tercera etapa de la vida en tiempos de pandemia.Se concluye que la pandemia es una oportunidad para reflexionar sobre el respeto y que le debemos a cadaser humano en todas las etapas de su vida.(AU)

The present article offers an analysis from a bioethical perspective of the treatment provided to seniorcitizens in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic. To begin with, the article highlights the paradox thatexists when measures are adopted for the care of elderly people during a pandemic, and in some occasionsthe age of the patient is the determining factor for deciding whether to provide care or not in cases ofscarcity. The question that arises then is: What is the adequate treatment for senior citizens? Using theInter-American Convention on the Protection of the Human Rights of Elderly Persons as a point of referen-ce, this article assesses the problem of the scarce resource allocation in the Third Age during a pandemic.As a conclusion, the pandemic is a great opportunity to reflect on the respect that we should give to everyhuman being at every stage of his/her life.(AU)

¿Cuáles son los conflictos éticos más frecuentes para los internistas españoles? / Which are the most prevalent ethical conflicts for Spanish internists?

Antecedentes y objetivo Los clínicos se enfrentan en su práctica diaria a multitud de conflictos éticos. No hay estudios sobre los tipos de conflictos éticos que se encuentran con más frecuencia y que preocupan más a los clínicos en España. El objetivo de este estudio es describir los conflictos éticos más frecuentes con los que se encuentran los internistas españoles, así como la importancia que los profesionales atribuyen a cada conflicto. Materiales y métodos Estudio observacional transversal a través de una encuesta voluntaria y anónima, dirigida a médicos internistas españoles y distribuida a través de una plataforma ad hoc de la Sociedad Española de Medicina Interna. Resultados Los problemas éticos más frecuentes y relevantes para los internistas españoles son los relacionados con: el final de la vida (decisiones de limitación del esfuerzo terapéutico, uso de tratamientos paliativos, instauración de órdenes de no reanimación cardiopulmonar); los conflictos que se producen en el seno de la relación clínica, bien con familiares o con pacientes, y la toma de decisiones con pacientes incompetentes. Estos resultados son similares a los de otras series anglosajonas y europeas. Los problemas éticos dificultan más la actividad asistencial a los clínicos que perciben con más frecuencia dichos problemas (50,3%) que los que no los perciben (16%). Conclusiones Los conflictos éticos más frecuentes y relevantes entre los internistas españoles son los relacionados con el manejo del final de la vida, seguidos de los derivados de la relación clínica y el manejo de pacientes incompetentes. Es prioritario diseñar programas de formación que permitan abordar y reconocer mejor dichos problemas (AU)

Background and objective Clinicians face a multitude of ethical conflicts in their daily practice. There have been no studies on the types of ethical conflicts encountered most frequently and that are of most concern to clinicians in Spain. The aim of this study is to report the most common ethical conflicts faced by Spanish internists, as well as the importance that the practitioners attribute to each conflict. Materials and Methods Our observational cross-sectional study employed a voluntary and anonymous survey aimed at Spanish medical internists and distributed through an ad hoc platform of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine. Results The most common and relevant ethical issues for Spanish internists are related to patients’ end of life (decisions limiting therapeutic effort, use of palliative treatments, the establishment of do-not-resuscitate orders), the conflicts arising within the doctor-patient/family relationship, and making decisions with noncompetent patients. These results are similar to those of other English and European series. The ethical problems further complicate the healthcare activity of clinicians who more often notice these problems (50.3%) than those who do not notice them (16%). Conclusions The most common and relevant ethical conflicts among Spanish internists are related to managing patients’ end of life, followed by those related to the doctor-patient relationship and the management of noncompetent patients. It is essential that training programs be designed to better address and recognise these problems (AU)

Which are the most prevalent ethical conflicts for Spanish internists?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Clinicians face a multitude of ethical conflicts in their daily practice. There have been no studies on the types of ethical conflicts encountered most frequently and that are of most concern to clinicians in Spain. The aim of this study is to report the most common ethical conflicts faced by Spanish internists, as well as the importance that the practitioners attribute to each conflict. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our observational cross-sectional study employed a voluntary and anonymous survey aimed at Spanish medical internists and distributed through an ad hoc platform of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine. RESULTS: The most common and relevant ethical issues for Spanish internists are related to patients' end of life (decisions limiting therapeutic effort, use of palliative treatments, the establishment of do-not-resuscitate orders), the conflicts arising within the doctor-patient/family relationship, and making decisions with noncompetent patients. These results are similar to those of other English and European series. The ethical problems further complicate the healthcare activity of clinicians who more often notice these problems (50.3%) than those who do not notice them (16%). CONCLUSIONS: The most common and relevant ethical conflicts among Spanish internists are related to managing patients' end of life, followed by those related to the doctor-patient relationship and the management of noncompetent patients. It is essential that training programs be designed to better address and recognise these problems.

Evaluation of moral intelligence of healthcare professionals via the "Survey for Measuring Moral Intelligence in the Provision of Healthcare Services" / Evaluación de la inteligencia moral de profesionales de la salud a través de la "Encuesta para medir la inteligencia moral en la prestación de servicios de salud" / Avaliação da inteligência moral de professionais de saúde via "Levantamento para Medir a Inteligência Moral na Provisão de Serviços de Cuidados à Saúde"

Abstract: Moral intelligence -through which an individual makes mental evaluation before taking action about a decision- is important in individual-centered healthcare. Using Lawshe Method, we designed the "Survey for Measuring Moral Intelligence in the Provision of Healthcare Services" with "equality", "empathy", "moral intelligence", "justice", "tolerance", "self-control", and "politeness" dimensions (α=.966). Age of the population (physicians and nurses) was 36.44±9.52, consisting 517 (65.5%) women, 538 married participants, 653 employed in public hospitals, and 352 had work experience of 8 hours/day. Using dimensions of this survey as skills is expected to ensure due diligence about rights and dignity in healthcare services.

Resumen: La inteligencia moral, mediante la cual un individuo realiza una evaluación mental antes de tomar medidas sobre una decisión, es importante en la atención médica centrada en el individuo. Usando el método Lawshe, diseñamos la "Encuesta para medir la inteligencia moral en la provisión de servicios de salud" con dimensiones de "igualdad", "empatía", "inteligencia moral", "justicia", "tolerancia", "autocontrol" y "cortesía" (α=.966). La edad de la población (médicos y enfermeras) era de 36.44±9.52, que consistía en 517 (65,5%) mujeres, 538 participantes casados, 653 empleados en hospitales públicos y 352 tenían una experiencia laboral de 8 horas/día. Se espera que el uso de las dimensiones de esta encuesta como habilidades garantice la debida diligencia sobre los derechos y la dignidad en los servicios de atención médica.

Resumo: Inteligência moral -através da qual um individuo faz uma avaliação mental antes de agir frente a uma decisão- é importante em cuidados à saúde centrados na pessoa. Usando o Método Lawshe, nós elaboramos o "Levantamento para Medir a Inteligência Moral na Provisão de Serviços de Cuidados à Saúde" com as dimensões "igualdade", "empatia", "inteligência moral", "justiça", "tolerância", "autocontrole" e "polidez (α=.966). A idade da população (médicos e enfermeiras) foi 36.44±9.52 anos, consistindo de 517 (65.5%) mulheres, 538 participantes casados, 653 empregados em hospitais públicos e 352 tinham experiência de trabalho 8 horas/dia. Usando dimensões deste levantamento como habilidades, espera-se que garanta a devida presteza sobre direitos e dignidade em serviços de cuidados à saúde.

Consultoría en ética clínica: modelos europeos y nuevas propuestas en España / Clinical Ethics Consultation: current European models and novel approaches in Spain

Los Comités de Ética Asistencial (CEAS) han constituido hasta la actualidad el único modelo de resolu-ción de conflictos éticos en el entorno hospitalario en España, aunque su utilidad para mejorar la prácticaclínica diaria ha sido puesta en duda. La Consultoría individual en Ética Clínica (CEC) es un modelo comple-mentario al CEAS, eficaz para ayudar a tomar decisiones ético-clínicas complejas a tiempo real. Aunque laCEC está muy extendida en el ámbito estadounidense, todavía goza de poca popularidad en Europa. En elpresente trabajo se describen las características generales de los servicios de CEC, remarcando sus ventajasy potenciales riesgos comparándolos con los del modelo basado exclusivamente en los CEAS. En segundolugar, se recogen las experiencias y modelos de CEC en diversos países europeos, y también presentamos lasiniciativas más recientes llevadas a cabo en nuestro país. Tras ello, se propone una estrategia de implanta-ción de un servicio de CEC para un hospital universitario de tamaño medio y se resumen las característicasmínimas que este servicio de CEC debe tener para poder llevar a cabo eficazmente su labor consultiva: fle-xibilidad organizativa, composición por profesionales formados en Bioética, con gran experiencia clínica,remunerados específicamente para esta tarea y con dependencia organizativa del CEAS.(AU)

To date, healthcare ethics committees (HEC) have been the only ethics consultation model in the hospi-tal setting in Spain, though their usefulness for ethical conflict resolution in daily practice has been ques-tioned. Individual clinical ethics consultation (CEC) is a complementary ethics consultation model, whichhas proved efficacious in real-time ethical problem-solving. Although CEC is widely used in North America,its implementation in Europe is still marginal. In this document we present the general characteristics ofCEC services, comparing their potential advantages and risks to those of HECs. We will then share relevantEuropean experiences in CEC, as well as review the few CEC initiatives in Spain. Finally, we will share ourrecent CEC implementation strategy in a national, medium-sized, teaching hospital. We will summarise theminimum requirements that such a CEC service must meet in order to carry out its consulting activity: or-ganisational flexibility, well-trained professionals, with sufficient clinical experience, economical support,and organisational dependency on HECs.(AU)

Toma de decisiones en ética clínica y su aplicación a un caso de síndromede enclaustramiento / Decision making in clinical ethics and its application to a locked-in case

La ética clínica, como parte de la bioética, tiene como función ayudar al personal sanitario, al paciente o a la familia en la toma de de-cisiones cuando estas abordan cuestiones éticas de difícil solución. En algunos problemas, esta toma de decisiones se enfrenta no solo a posturas clínicas diversas, sino que también a apremios por parte de familiares -o del mismo equipo médico- que claman por una solución ante casos que entran en el área gris del debate ético. Nuestra respuesta frente a estos problemas ingentes es la aplicación de un método de análisis clínico, el cual, mediante una metodología propia y replicable, pueda orientar la discusión sobre principios comunes y, a la vez, poder evaluar las decisiones clínicas emanadas.Más allá de las respuestas clínicas que se puedan dar frente a casos diversos, no debemos olvidar los fundamentos que la antropología cristiana nos presenta a la hora de ver al ser humano como totalidad unificada. Este criterio debe ser la base que guíe una reflexión que no solo busque criterios de calidad, sino que además valore la inviolabilidad de la vida y con ella la dignidad de cada persona, en especial, en aquellas condiciones de fragilidad como el síndrome de enclaustramiento.

Clinical ethics (as part of bioethics) has the function of helping health personnel, the patient, or the family in decision-making when they address ethical issues that are difficult to solve. In some problems, this decision-making is not only confronted with diverse clinical positions, but also by pressure from family members or the same medical team that clamour for a solution to cases that fall into the grey area of ethical debate. Our response to these enormous problems is the application of a method of clinical analysis which, through its own replicable methodology, can guide the discussion of common principles and, at the same time, be able to evaluate the clinical decisions that have been made.Beyond the clinical responses that can be given to diverse cases, we must not forget the foundations that Christian anthropology presents us when it comes to seeing man as a unified whole, this criterion must be the basis that guides a reflection that not only look for quality criteria but value the inviolability of life and with it the dignity of each person especially in those conditions of fragility, such as locked-in.

Which are the most prevalent ethical conflicts for Spanish internists? / ¿Cuáles son los conflictos éticos más frecuentes para los internistas españoles?

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: Clinicians face a multitude of ethical conflicts in their daily practice. There have been no studies on the types of ethical conflicts encountered most frequently and that are of most concern to clinicians in Spain. The aim of this study is to report the most common ethical conflicts faced by Spanish internists, as well as the importance that the practitioners attribute to each conflict. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Our observational cross-sectional study employed a voluntary and anonymous survey aimed at Spanish medical internists and distributed through an ad hoc platform of the Spanish Society of Internal Medicine. RESULTS: The most common and relevant ethical issues for Spanish internists are related to patients' end of life (decisions limiting therapeutic effort, use of palliative treatments, the establishment of do-not-resuscitate orders), the conflicts arising within the doctor-patient/family relationship, and making decisions with noncompetent patients. These results are similar to those of other English and European series. The ethical problems further complicate the healthcare activity of clinicians who more often notice these problems (50.3%) than those who do not notice them (16%). CONCLUSIONS: The most common and relevant ethical conflicts among Spanish internists are related to managing patients' end of life, followed by those related to the doctor-patient relationship and the management of noncompetent patients. It is essential that training programs be designed to better address and recognise these problems.

Toma de decisiones y consideraciones éticas en el soporte ventilatorio en áreas críticas hospitalarias en el contexto de pandemia COVID-19 / Decision-making and ethical considerations in ventilatory support in critical hospital areas in the context of the COVID-19 pandemic

Objetivo. Los recursos hospitalarios resultan insuficientes ante la demanda de pacientes graves con COVID-19. La adecuada gestión de recursos es esencial para brindar la mejor atención posible. Se revisaron criterios que ayuden a tomar decisiones adecuadas y oportunas, siguiendo principios éticos. La priorización del soporte ventilatorio invasivo debe hacerse de manera transparente y objetiva, evaluando integralmente al paciente y basado en criterios objetivos como escalas de pronóstico, ciclo de vida o compromiso clínico. El tratamiento sintomático (incluyendo cuidados paliativos) es indispensable en esta pandemia y la comunicación con el aciente o la familia permiten humanizar la atención del personal de salud.

Objetive. Hospital resources are insufficient given the demand for seriously ill patients with COVID-19. Proper resource management is essential to provide the best possible care. Criteria to help make appropriate and timely decisions were reviewed, following ethical principles. The prioritization of invasive ventilatory support must be done in a transparent and objective manner, comprehensively evaluating the patient and based on objective criteria such as prognostic scales, life cycle or clinical commitment. Symptomatic treatment (including palliative care) is essential in this pandemic and communication with the patient or family makes it possible to humanize the care of health personnel.

Challenges and Opportunities in Clinical Ethics with the Implementation of Korea's End-of-Life Act / Desafíos y oportunidades en ética clínica con la implementación de la Ley de fin de vida de Corea / Desafios e oportunidades em ética clínica com a implementação do Ato de Fim-da-Vida na Córeia

Abstract: This paper examines the possible impacts of the Act on Decisions on Life-Sustaining Treatment for Patients in Hospice and Palliative Care or at the End of Life in Korea (Korea's end-of-life act), legislated in 2016, on the development of hospital ethics committees and clinical ethics consultation services in South Korea. Clinical ethics in Korea has not made much progress in comparison to other subdisciplines of biomedical ethics. While the enactment of this law may give rise to beneficial clinical ethics services, it is possible that customary practices and traditional authorities in Korean society will come into conflict with the norms of clinical ethics. This paper examines how the three main agents of Korean society—family, government, and medical professionals—may clash with end-of-life stage norms in clinical ethics, thus posing obstacles to the development of hospital committees and consultation services. A brief outline of what lies ahead for the progress of clinical ethics practice is explored.

Resumen: Este documento examina los posibles impactos de la Ley de decisiones sobre el tratamiento de soporte vital para pacientes en hospicios y cuidados paliativos, o al final de la vida en Corea (Ley de Corea del Final de la Vida), legislada en 2016, sobre el desarrollo de comités de ética hospitalaria y servicios de consulta de ética clínica en Corea del Sur. La ética clínica en Corea no ha avanzado mucho en comparación con otras subdisciplinas de la ética biomédica. Si bien la promulgación de esta ley puede dar lugar a servicios de ética clínica beneficiosos, es posible que las prácticas tradicionales y las autoridades tradicionales en la sociedad coreana entren en conflicto con las normas de ética clínica. Este documento examina cómo los tres agentes principales de la sociedad coreana —familia, gobierno y profesionales médicos— pueden chocar con las normas de ética clínica al final de la vida, lo que plantea obstáculos para el desarrollo de comités hospitalarios y servicios de consulta. Se explora un breve resumen de lo que queda por delante para el progreso de la práctica de la ética clínica.

Resumo: Este artigo examina os possíveis impactos que o Ato sobre Decisões Relacionadas a Tratamento de Manutenção da Vida para Pacientes em Casas de Idosos e de Cuidados Paliativos ou ao Fim da Vida na Coréia (ato de fim da vida da Coréia), aprovado pelo legislativo em 2016, sobre o desenvolvimento de comitês de ética de hospitais e serviços de consulta sobre ética clínica na Coréia do Sul. Ética clínica na Coréia não sofreu muito progresso em comparação com outras subdisciplinas da ética biomédica. Enquanto a promulgação desta lei pode dar origem a serviços de ética clínica proveitosos, é possível que práticas usuais e autoridades tradicionais na sociedade coreana entrarão em conflito com as normas da ética clínica. Este artigo examina como os três principais agentes da sociedade coreana - família, governo e profissionais médicos - podem se chocar com normas de estágios de fim da vida em ética clínica, colocando assim obstáculos para o desenvolvimento de comitês hospitalares e serviços de consulta. Um breve esboço do que vem pela frente para o progresso da prática de ética clínica é explorado.

Vaccination against human papilloma virus in the light of quaternary prevention / Vacunación contra el virus del papiloma humano a la luz de la prevención cuaternaria / Vacinação contra o vírus do papiloma humano à luz da prevenção quaternária

In spite of the demonstrated benefits, the question of HPV massive vaccination is still subject to intense discussions and controversies. The protection against cancer is still unproven and need more time to be accurate about the quantification of the decrease in cervical cancer. The analysis of HPV vaccine relevance is very complex due to several overlapped levels to be considered. The authors analyze many of the ethical, sociological, economic, political and finally scientific issues involved. The population trust in vaccines has been affected owing to dubious practices of many pharmaceutical companies. Faced with this manipulation of information on a worldwide scale, general practitioners have organized themselves to fight this uncertainty. Quaternary prevention, a concept supported by the World Organization of Family doctors, advocates the application of ethically acceptable procedures in health care. This opinion article addresses some of the multiple dimensions involved to encourage reflection on this issue.

A pesar de los beneficios demostrados, la cuestión de la vacunación masiva contra el VPH todavía está sujeta a intensas discusiones y controversias. La protección contra el cáncer aún no está probada y necesita más tiempo para la precisión sobre la cuantificación de la disminución del cáncer cervical. El análisis de la relevancia de la vacuna contra el VPH es muy complejo debido a varios niveles superpuestos que se deben considerar. Los autores analizan muchas de las cuestiones éticas, sociológicas, económicas, políticas y finalmente científicas involucradas en este análisis. La confianza de la población en las vacunas se ha visto afectada debido a prácticas dudosas de muchas compañías farmacéuticas. Ante esta manipulación de información a escala mundial, los médicos generales, de familia y comunidad, se han organizado para luchar contra la incertidumbre. La prevención cuaternaria, un concepto apoyado por la Organización Mundial de Médicos de Familia, aboga por la aplicación de procedimientos éticamente aceptables en la atención médica. Este artículo de opinión aborda algunas de las múltiples dimensiones involucradas para favorecer la reflexión sobre este tema.

Apesar dos benefícios demonstrados, a questão da vacinação massiva contra o HPV ainda está sujeita a intensas discussões e controvérsias. A proteção contra o câncer ainda não está comprovada e precisa de mais tempo para ser precisa sobre a quantificação da redução do câncer do colo do útero. A análise da relevância da vacina contra o HPV é muito complexa devido a vários níveis sobrepostos que devem ser considerados. Os autores analisam muitas das questões éticas, sociológicas, econômicas, políticas e, finalmente, científicas envolvidas nesta análise. A confiança da população nas vacinas foi afetada devido às práticas duvidosas de muitas empresas farmacêuticas. Diante dessa manipulação de informações em escala global, clínicos gerais, família e comunidade se organizaram para lutar contra a incerteza. A prevenção quaternária, conceito apoiado pela Organização Mundial de Médicos de Família, defende a aplicação de procedimentos eticamente aceitáveis nos cuidados médicos. Este artigo de opinião aborda algumas das múltiplas dimensões envolvidas para incentivar a reflexão sobre esta questão.

Evaluación de la susceptibilidad y autoeficacia ante VIH/sida en profesionales de Estomatología / Avaliação da suscetibilidade e autoeficácia contra o HIV/AIDS em profissionais de Estomatología / Evaluation of susceptibility and self-efficacy against HIV/AIDS in stomatology professionals

Introducción: el VIH/sida es una de las enfermedades que mayor repercusión social ha tenido y afecta a millones de personas. Objetivo: identificar la susceptibilidad y la autoeficacia de los profesionales de la salud de la Facultad de Estomatología de la Benemérita Universidad Autónoma de Puebla (FEBUAP) frente al virus VIH/sida. Método: se trató de un estudio observacional descriptivo. Se incluyeron 250 alumnos y 50 docentes de la FEBUAP, con previa aceptación voluntaria y firma de consentimiento informado, seleccionados mediante una muestra por conveniencia. Se aplicó la Escala VIH/SIDA-65, instrumento con validez y confiabilidad demostrada para la evaluación de las subescalas del instrumento (alfa de Cronbach 0,79), propuesta por Paniagua en 1998 y adaptada al español por Bermúdez, Buela-Casal &Uribe en 2005. Resultados: con respecto a la autoeficacia, los alumnos demostraron superioridad. En la susceptibilidad, la creencia de la posibilidad de contraer el virus fue mayor en docentes (64 por ciento vs. 48 por ciento). La creencia de que solo homosexuales debieran preocuparse por el contagio fue mayor en docentes (92 por ciento). Se encontró una autoeficacia mayor en alumnos y una mejor susceptibilidad en docentes. Conclusiones: es necesario fortalecer estrategias que refuercen conceptos y comportamientos frente al VIH/sida(AU)

Introduction: HIV/AIDS is one of the diseases that has had the greatest social impact and affects millions of people. Objective: to identify the susceptibility and self-efficacy of the health professionals of the Faculty of Stomatology of the Benemérita Autonomous University of Puebla (FEBUAP) against the HIV / AIDS virus. Method: it was a descriptive observational study. 250 students and 50 FEBUAP teachers were included, with prior voluntary acceptance and signed informed consent, selected by means of a convenience sample. The HIV/AIDS-65 scale was applied, an instrument with proven validity and reliability for the evaluation of the subscales of the instrument (Cronbach alpha 0.79), proposed by Paniagua in 1998 and adapted to Spanish by Bermúdez, Buela-Casal & Uribe in 2005. Results: with respect to self-efficacy, the students demonstrated superiority. In the susceptibility, the belief of the possibility of contracting the virus was higher in teachers (64 percent vs. 48 percent). The belief that only homosexuals should worry about contagion was higher in teachers (92percent). We found a higher self-efficacy in students and a better susceptibility in teachers. Conclusions: it is necessary to strengthen strategies that reinforce concepts and behaviors against HIV / AIDS(AU)

Introdução: O HIV/AIDS é uma das doenças que mais impactou socialmente e afeta milhões de pessoas. Objetivo: identificar a suscetibilidade e autoeficácia dos profissionais de saúde da Faculdade de Estomatologia da Universidade Autônoma de Benemérita de Puebla (FEBUAP) contra o vírus HIV/AIDS. Método: foi um estudo observacional descritivo. Foram incluídos 250 alunos e 50 professores da FEBUAP, com prévia aceitação voluntária e termo de consentimento livre e esclarecido, selecionados por meio de amostra de conveniência. escala VIH/SIDA-65 foi aplicado, e instrumento válido para avaliar a fiabilidade comprovada das subescalas do instrumento (alfa Cronbach 0,79), proposto pela Paniagua em 1998 e adaptadas para o español por Bermudez, Buela-Casal & Uribe em 2005. Resultados: com relação à autoeficácia, os estudantes demonstraram superioridade. Na suscetibilidade, a crença na possibilidade de contrair o vírus foi maior nos professores (64 por cento vs. 48 por cento). A crença de que apenas os homossexuais deveriam se preocupar com o contágio era maior nos professores (92%). Encontramos uma maior autoeficácia nos alunos e uma melhor susceptibilidade nos professores. Conclusões: é necessário fortalecer estratégias que reforcem conceitos e comportamentos contra o HIV/AIDS(AU)